Socioeconomic status and cancer survival in Brazil: Analysis of population data from the municipalities of Aracaju and Curitiba, 1996-2012.

INTRODUCTION: The association between socioeconomic status and cancer prognosis has been demonstrated in several countries. Despite the existence of indirect evidence of this phenomenon in Brazil, few studies in this regard are available. OBJECTIVES: The objective of the present study is to analyse socioeconomic related survival gaps for patients diagnosed with breast, cervical, lung, prostate, and colorectal cancer in the cities of Aracaju (SE) and Curitiba (PR). METHODS: Using population-based data, we estimated net survival by tumour site, year of diagnosis, socioeconomic status and local of residence. Net survival estimation was done with multilevel parametric model allowing flexible spline functions do estimate excess mortality hazards. RESULTS: 28,005 cases were included in survival analysis. Five-year net survival showed positive association with SES. Intermunicipal survival gaps favouring Aracaju where prominent for breast (reaching 16,1% in 5 years) OBJECTIVES: Study the impact of socioeconomic factors on cancer survival in two Brazilian capitals. METHODS: Survival analysis using population-based cancer data including patients diagnosed with breast, lung, prostate, cervical and colorectal cancer between 1996 and 2012 in Aracaju and Curitiba. Outcomes were excessive mortality hazard (EMH) and 5- and 8-years net survival (NS). The association of race/skin color and socioeconomic level (SES) with EMH and net survival were analyzed using a multilevel regression model with flexible splines. RESULTS: 28,005 cases were included, 6636 from Aracaju and 21,369 from Curitiba. NS for all diseases studied increased more prominently for Curitiba population. We observed NS gap between the populations of Aracaju and Curitiba that increased or remained stable during the study period, with emphasis on the growth of the difference in NS of lung and colon cancer (among men). Only for cervical cancer and prostate cancer there was a reduction in the intermunicipal gaps. 5-year NS for breast cancer in Aracaju ranged from 55.2% to 73.4% according to SES. In Curitiba this variation was from 66.5% to 83.8%. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study suggests widening of socioeconomic and regional inequalities in the survival of patients with colorectal, breast, cervical, lung and prostate cancers in Brazil during the 1990 s and 2000 s.

Ethnic, racial and socioeconomic disparities in breast cancer survival in two Brazilian capitals between 1996 and 2012.

OBJECTIVE: To study the impact of socio-economic status and ethno-racial strata on excess mortality hazard and net survival of women with breast cancer in two Brazilian state capitals. METHOD: We conducted a survival analysis with individual data from population-based cancer registries including women with breast cancer diagnosed between 1996 and 2012 in Aracaju and Curitiba. The main outcomes were the excess mortality hazard (EMH) and net survival. The associations of age, year of diagnosis, disease stage, race/skin colour and socioeconomic status (SES) with the excess mortality hazard and net survival were analysed using multi-level spline regression models, modelled as cubic splines with knots at 1 and 5 years of follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 2045 women in Aracaju and 7872 in Curitiba were included in the analyses. The EMH was higher for women with lower SES and for black and brown women in both municipalities. The greatest difference in excess mortality was seen between the most deprived women and the most affluent women in Curitiba, hazard ratio (HR) 1.93 (95%CI 1.63-2.28). For race/skin colour, the greatest ratio was found in Curitiba (HR 1.35, 95%CI 1.09-1.66) for black women compared with white women. The most important socio-economic difference in net survival was seen in Aracaju. Age-standardised net survival at five years was 55.7% for the most deprived women and 67.2% for the most affluent. Net survival at eight years was 48.3% and 61.0%, respectively. Net survival in Curitiba was higher than in Aracaju in all SES groups." CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest the presence of contrasting breast cancer survival expectancy in Aracaju and Curitiba, highlighting regional inequalities in access to health care. Lower survival among brown and black women, and those in lower SES groups indicates that early detection, early diagnosis and timely access to treatment must be prioritized to reduce inequalities in outcome among Brazilian women.

Temporal trend and associated factors to advanced stage at diagnosis of cervical cancer: analysis of data from hospital based cancer registries in Brazil, 2000-2012. / Tendências temporais e fatores associados ao diagnóstico em estágio avançado de câncer do colo uterino: análise dos dados dos registros hospitalares de câncer no Brasil, 2000-2012.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the time trend and analyze the determinants of stage at diagnosis of cervical cancer in Brazil. METHODS: Time trend analysis and cross-sectional study using data from hospital-based cancer registries (2000-2012); multinomial and joinpoint regression statistical models were used. RESULTS: 65.843 cases were analyzed; the median interval between diagnosis and treatment was 59 days; the percentage of advanced staging increased, annual percent change 1.10% (95%CI 0.80;1.50); women with higher education (compared to unlettered) had less odds of late stage diagnosis (OR=0.38; 95%CI 0.31;0.47); among indigenous (OR=2.38; 95%CI 1.06;5.33) and black women (OR=1.16; 95%CI 1.02;1.31), compared to white, and in the North region (OR=2.55; 95%CI 2.26;2.89), compared to the Southeast, the odds was higher; other factors positively related to advanced stage were 'age', 'histology', and marital status'. Conclusion Inequities affect the odds of late stage diagnosis of cervical cancer.

Late-Stage Diagnosis of Breast Cancer in Brazil: Analysis of Data from Hospital-Based Cancer Registries (2000-2012).

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the time trend and the factors regarding the diagnosis of late-stage breast cancer in Brazil from 2000 to 2012. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using data from hospital-based cancer registries. Joinpoint regression was used to analyze the time trends of stage at diagnosis. The risk of late-stage presentation was estimated using multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 170,757 cases were analyzed. The median time from diagnosis to treatment was of 43 days (range: 0-182 days). The percentage of cases with late-stage diagnosis decreased from 2000 to 2002, with an annual percent change (APC) of -6.6% (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: -7.6--5.5%); it increased from 2002 until 2009, with an APC of 1.1% (95% CI: 0.9-1.3%), and remained stable up to 2012. Women with college education (compared with illiterate women) had less chance of having a late-stage diagnosis (odds ratio [OR]: 0.32; 95%CI: 0.29-0.35). The odds were greater among brown women (OR: 1.30; 95%CI: 1.21-1.41) and black women (OR: 1.63; 95%CI: 1.47-1.82), compared with white women. The odds were also higher for women treated in facilities located and in the Northern region of Brazil (OR: 1.23; 95%CI: 1.04-1.45) and in the Midwest (OR: 1.61; 95%CI: 1.34-1.94), compared with those treated in the southern region of the country. Age, histological type, and marital status were some of the other factors that were positively related to staging at the diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Access to diagnosis of breast cancer is uneven in Brazil, and women with lower socioeconomic status present a greater probability of having an advanced stage at diagnosis.

OBJETIVO: Analisar a tendência temporal e os fatores relacionados ao diagnóstico do câncer de mama em estágio avançado no Brasil entre 2000 e 2012. MéTODOS: Foi feito estudo de tendência temporal e de coorte retrospectiva e com dados do registro hospitalar de câncer. A análise de tendência temporal foi feita usando o modelo de regressão joinpoint. A chance de apresentação em estágio avançado foi estimada pelo modelo de regressão logística multinomial. RESULTADOS: Um total de 170.757 casos foram analisados. O tempo médio entre o diagnóstico e o início do tratamento foi de 43 dias (variação: 0­182 dias). O percentual de casos com estadiamento avançado ao diagnóstico diminuiu de 2000 a 2002, com uma variação percentual anual (VPA) de -6,6% (intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%] -7,6­-5,5%); esse percentual aumentou entre 2002 e 2009, com um VPA de 1,1% (IC95%: 0,9­1,3%), e se manteve estável de 2009 a 2012. Mulheres com ensino superior (comparadas a analfabetas) apresentaram chance menor de terem doença avançada ao diagnóstico (razão de chances [OP]: 0,32; IC95%: 0,29­0,35). As chances foram maiores entre mulheres pardas (OR: 1,30; IC95%: 1,21­1,41) e negras (OR: 1,63; IC95%: 1,47­1,82) em comparação com as brancas. Mulheres tratadas nas regiões Norte (OR: 1,23; IC95%: 1,04­1,45) e Centro-oeste (OR: 1,61; IC95%: 1,34­1,94) apresentaram maior chance de terem doença avançada ao diagnóstico quando comparadas com as tratadas na região Sul. Outros fatores positivamente associados ao estadiamento no momento do diagnóstico foram: idade, tipo histológico e estado civil. CONCLUSãO: O acesso ao diagnóstico de câncer de mama é desigual no Brasil, e mulheres com nível socioeconômico mais baixo têm uma probabilidade maior de ter uma doença avançada ao diagnóstico.

Tendências temporais e fatores associados ao diagnóstico em estágio avançado de câncer do colo uterino: análise dos dados dos registros hospitalares de câncer no Brasil, 2000-2012 / Tendencia temporal y factores asociados al diagnóstico de cáncer de cuello uterino en estado avanzado: análisis de los datos de registros hospitalarios de cáncer en Brasil, 2000-2012 / Temporal trend and associated factors to advanced stage at diagnosis of cervical cancer: analysis of data from hospital based cancer registries in Brazil, 2000-2012

Objetivo: analisar a tendência temporal e os fatores associados ao diagnóstico em estágio avançado de câncer do colo uterino no Brasil. Métodos: análise de séries temporais e estudo transversal com dados dos registros hospitalares de câncer (2000-2012); utilizaram-se modelos joinpoint e regressão multinomial. Resultados: analisaram-se 65.843 casos; a mediana do intervalo entre diagnóstico e tratamento foi de 59 dias; o percentual de diagnósticos em estágio avançado aumentou no período - variação anual de 1,10% (IC95% 0,80;1,50); mulheres com estudo superior tiveram menores chances de estadiamento avançado, comparadas a analfabetas (OR=0,38; IC95% 0,31;0,47); indígenas (OR=2,38; IC95% 1,06;5,33) e negras (OR=1,16; IC95% 1,02;1,31) frente às brancas, e mulheres tratadas na região Norte (OR=2,55; IC95% 2,26;2,89) frente às do Sudeste, apresentaram maiores chances; outros fatores associados positivamente ao desfecho foram 'idade', 'tipo histológico' e 'estado conjugal'. Conclusão: houve tendência crescente de diagnósticos em estágio avançado; desigualdades afetam as chances de estadiamento avançado de câncer cervical.

Objetivo: estudiar la tendencia temporal y determinantes asociados al diagnóstico en estado avanzado de cáncer cervical en Brasil. Métodos: análisis de tendencias de tiempo y estudio transversal utilizando datos de los registros hospitalarios de cáncer (2000-2012); se utilizaron modelos de regresión multinomial y joinpoint. Resultados: 65.843 casos fueron analizados; la mediana del intervalo entre diagnóstico y tratamiento fue 59 días; el porcentaje de casos con estado avanzado aumentó, variación porcentual anual 1,10 (IC95% 0,8;1,50); mujeres con educación superior (en comparación con no letradas) tenían menos probabilidad de diagnóstico tardío (OR=0,38; IC95% 0,31;0,47); indígenas (OR=2,38; IC95% 1,06;5,33) y negras (OR=1,16; IC95% 1,02;1,31), en comparación con blancas, y mujeres tratadas en la región Norte (OR=2,55; IC95% 2,26;2,89), comparadas con Sudeste, presentaron mayor probabilidad; otros factores relacionados con estadio avanzado fueron 'edad', 'histología' y 'estado civil'. Conclusión: las desigualdades afectan el diagnóstico tardío de cáncer cervical.

Objective: To analyze the time trend and analyze the determinants of stage at diagnosis of cervical cancer in Brazil. Methods: Time trend analysis and cross-sectional study using data from hospital-based cancer registries (2000-2012); multinomial and joinpoint regression statistical models were used. Results: 65.843 cases were analyzed; the median interval between diagnosis and treatment was 59 days; the percentage of advanced staging increased, annual percent change 1.10% (95%CI 0.80;1.50); women with higher education (compared to unlettered) had less odds of late stage diagnosis (OR=0.38; 95%CI 0.31;0.47); among indigenous (OR=2.38; 95%CI 1.06;5.33) and black women (OR=1.16; 95%CI 1.02;1.31), compared to white, and in the North region (OR=2.55; 95%CI 2.26;2.89), compared to the Southeast, the odds was higher; other factors positively related to advanced stage were 'age', 'histology', and marital status'. Conclusion Inequities affect the odds of late stage diagnosis of cervical cancer.

Acesso a diagnóstico e tratamento de paciente com câncer de mama e colo uterino no Brasil: Análise dos dados dos registros hospitalares de câncer / Access to diagnosis and treatment of breast and cervical cancer in Brazil: analysis of data from the hospital based cancer registries

Câncer de mama e de colo uterino são patologias responsáveis por morbidade e mortalidade significativas. Ambas as doenças apresentam prognóstico reservado quando o diagnóstico é feito em estágios avançados. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar os fatores relacionados com o estadiamento de câncer de mama e colo uterino no Brasil. Foram analisados os dados oriundos dos Registros Hospitalares de Câncer (RHC) de unidades de saúde de todo o país de 2000 a 2012, através de modelo de regressão logística multinomial tendo como desfecho o estadiamento ao diagnóstico. Houve aumento significativo do percentual de casos diagnosticados em estágios III e IV durante período de estudo, para ambas as doenças. Os fatores relacionados com estadiamento avançado, para os dois tipos de câncer foram idade, escolaridade, tipo histológico, região da unidade de saúde, raça-cor e estado conjugal. Concluiu-se que o acesso a diagnóstico e tratamento para os cânceres de mama e colo uterino no país é desigual e mulheres com menor nível socioeconômico correm maior risco de ter diagnóstico tardio de ambas as patologias, estando sujeitas as suas consequências em termos de prognóstico